# Thermodynamics¶

Burnman has a number of functions and classes which deal with the thermodynamics of single phases and aggregates.

## Lattice Vibrations¶

### Einstein model¶

burnman.eos.einstein.thermal_energy(T, einstein_T, n)[source]

calculate the thermal energy of a substance. Takes the temperature, the Einstein temperature, and n, the number of atoms per molecule. Returns thermal energy in J/mol

burnman.eos.einstein.heat_capacity_v(T, einstein_T, n)[source]

Heat capacity at constant volume. In J/K/mol

## Solution models¶

burnman.solutionmodel.jit(fn)[source]
class burnman.solutionmodel.SolutionModel[source]

Bases: object

This is the base class for a solution model, intended for use in defining solid solutions and performing thermodynamic calculations on them. All minerals of type burnman.SolidSolution use a solution model for defining how the endmembers in the solid solution interact.

A user wanting a new solution model should define the functions included in the base class. All of the functions in the base class return zero, so if the user-defined solution model does not implement them, they essentially have no effect, and the Gibbs free energy and molar volume of a solid solution will be equal to the weighted arithmetic averages of the different endmember values.

excess_gibbs_free_energy(pressure, temperature, molar_fractions)[source]

Given a list of molar fractions of different phases, compute the excess Gibbs free energy of the solution. The base class implementation assumes that the excess gibbs free energy is zero.

Parameters: pressure : float Pressure at which to evaluate the solution model. [Pa] temperature : float Temperature at which to evaluate the solution. [K] molar_fractions : list of floats List of molar fractions of the different endmembers in solution G_excess : float The excess Gibbs free energy
excess_partial_gibbs_free_energies(pressure, temperature, molar_fractions)[source]

Given a list of molar fractions of different phases, compute the excess Gibbs free energy for each endmember of the solution. The base class implementation assumes that the excess gibbs free energy is zero.

Parameters: pressure : float Pressure at which to evaluate the solution model. [Pa] temperature : float Temperature at which to evaluate the solution. [K] molar_fractions : list of floats List of molar fractions of the different endmembers in solution partial_G_excess : numpy array The excess Gibbs free energy of each endmember
excess_volume(pressure, temperature, molar_fractions)[source]

Given a list of molar fractions of different phases, compute the excess volume of the solution. The base class implementation assumes that the excess volume is zero.

Parameters: pressure : float Pressure at which to evaluate the solution model. [Pa] temperature : float Temperature at which to evaluate the solution. [K] molar_fractions : list of floats List of molar fractions of the different endmembers in solution V_excess : float The excess volume of the solution
excess_enthalpy(pressure, temperature, molar_fractions)[source]

Given a list of molar fractions of different phases, compute the excess enthalpy of the solution. The base class implementation assumes that the excess enthalpy is zero.

Parameters: pressure : float Pressure at which to evaluate the solution model. [Pa] temperature : float Temperature at which to evaluate the solution. [K] molar_fractions : list of floats List of molar fractions of the different endmembers in solution H_excess : float The excess enthalpy of the solution
excess_entropy(pressure, temperature, molar_fractions)[source]

Given a list of molar fractions of different phases, compute the excess entropy of the solution. The base class implementation assumes that the excess entropy is zero.

Parameters: pressure : float Pressure at which to evaluate the solution model. [Pa] temperature : float Temperature at which to evaluate the solution. [K] molar_fractions : list of floats List of molar fractions of the different endmembers in solution S_excess : float The excess entropy of the solution
class burnman.solutionmodel.MechanicalSolution(endmembers)[source]

An extremely simple class representing a mechanical solution model. A mechanical solution experiences no interaction between endmembers. Therefore, unlike ideal solutions there is no entropy of mixing; the total gibbs free energy of the solution is equal to the dot product of the molar gibbs free energies and molar fractions of the constituent materials.

excess_gibbs_free_energy(pressure, temperature, molar_fractions)[source]
excess_partial_gibbs_free_energies(pressure, temperature, molar_fractions)[source]
activity_coefficients(pressure, temperature, molar_fractions)[source]
activities(pressure, temperature, molar_fractions)[source]
excess_volume(pressure, temperature, molar_fractions)[source]
excess_entropy(pressure, temperature, molar_fractions)[source]
excess_enthalpy(pressure, temperature, molar_fractions)[source]
class burnman.solutionmodel.IdealSolution(endmembers)[source]

A very simple class representing an ideal solution model. Calculate the excess gibbs free energy due to configurational entropy, all the other excess terms return zero.

excess_partial_gibbs_free_energies(pressure, temperature, molar_fractions)[source]
activity_coefficients(pressure, temperature, molar_fractions)[source]
activities(pressure, temperature, molar_fractions)[source]
excess_enthalpy(pressure, temperature, molar_fractions)

Given a list of molar fractions of different phases, compute the excess enthalpy of the solution. The base class implementation assumes that the excess enthalpy is zero.

Parameters: pressure : float Pressure at which to evaluate the solution model. [Pa] temperature : float Temperature at which to evaluate the solution. [K] molar_fractions : list of floats List of molar fractions of the different endmembers in solution H_excess : float The excess enthalpy of the solution
excess_entropy(pressure, temperature, molar_fractions)

Given a list of molar fractions of different phases, compute the excess entropy of the solution. The base class implementation assumes that the excess entropy is zero.

Parameters: pressure : float Pressure at which to evaluate the solution model. [Pa] temperature : float Temperature at which to evaluate the solution. [K] molar_fractions : list of floats List of molar fractions of the different endmembers in solution S_excess : float The excess entropy of the solution
excess_gibbs_free_energy(pressure, temperature, molar_fractions)

Given a list of molar fractions of different phases, compute the excess Gibbs free energy of the solution. The base class implementation assumes that the excess gibbs free energy is zero.

Parameters: pressure : float Pressure at which to evaluate the solution model. [Pa] temperature : float Temperature at which to evaluate the solution. [K] molar_fractions : list of floats List of molar fractions of the different endmembers in solution G_excess : float The excess Gibbs free energy
excess_volume(pressure, temperature, molar_fractions)

Given a list of molar fractions of different phases, compute the excess volume of the solution. The base class implementation assumes that the excess volume is zero.

Parameters: pressure : float Pressure at which to evaluate the solution model. [Pa] temperature : float Temperature at which to evaluate the solution. [K] molar_fractions : list of floats List of molar fractions of the different endmembers in solution V_excess : float The excess volume of the solution
class burnman.solutionmodel.AsymmetricRegularSolution(endmembers, alphas, energy_interaction, volume_interaction=None, entropy_interaction=None)[source]

Solution model implementing the asymmetric regular solution model formulation as described in [HollandPowell03].

excess_partial_gibbs_free_energies(pressure, temperature, molar_fractions)[source]
excess_volume(pressure, temperature, molar_fractions)[source]
excess_entropy(pressure, temperature, molar_fractions)[source]
excess_enthalpy(pressure, temperature, molar_fractions)[source]
activity_coefficients(pressure, temperature, molar_fractions)[source]
activities(pressure, temperature, molar_fractions)[source]
excess_gibbs_free_energy(pressure, temperature, molar_fractions)

Given a list of molar fractions of different phases, compute the excess Gibbs free energy of the solution. The base class implementation assumes that the excess gibbs free energy is zero.

Parameters: pressure : float Pressure at which to evaluate the solution model. [Pa] temperature : float Temperature at which to evaluate the solution. [K] molar_fractions : list of floats List of molar fractions of the different endmembers in solution G_excess : float The excess Gibbs free energy
class burnman.solutionmodel.SymmetricRegularSolution(endmembers, energy_interaction, volume_interaction=None, entropy_interaction=None)[source]

Solution model implementing the symmetric regular solution model. This is simply a special case of the burnman.solutionmodel.AsymmetricRegularSolution class.

activities(pressure, temperature, molar_fractions)
activity_coefficients(pressure, temperature, molar_fractions)
excess_enthalpy(pressure, temperature, molar_fractions)
excess_entropy(pressure, temperature, molar_fractions)
excess_gibbs_free_energy(pressure, temperature, molar_fractions)

Given a list of molar fractions of different phases, compute the excess Gibbs free energy of the solution. The base class implementation assumes that the excess gibbs free energy is zero.

Parameters: pressure : float Pressure at which to evaluate the solution model. [Pa] temperature : float Temperature at which to evaluate the solution. [K] molar_fractions : list of floats List of molar fractions of the different endmembers in solution G_excess : float The excess Gibbs free energy
excess_partial_gibbs_free_energies(pressure, temperature, molar_fractions)
excess_volume(pressure, temperature, molar_fractions)
class burnman.solutionmodel.SubregularSolution(endmembers, energy_interaction, volume_interaction=None, entropy_interaction=None)[source]

Solution model implementing the subregular solution model formulation as described in [HW89].

excess_partial_gibbs_free_energies(pressure, temperature, molar_fractions)[source]
excess_volume(pressure, temperature, molar_fractions)[source]
excess_entropy(pressure, temperature, molar_fractions)[source]
excess_enthalpy(pressure, temperature, molar_fractions)[source]
activity_coefficients(pressure, temperature, molar_fractions)[source]
activities(pressure, temperature, molar_fractions)[source]
excess_gibbs_free_energy(pressure, temperature, molar_fractions)

Given a list of molar fractions of different phases, compute the excess Gibbs free energy of the solution. The base class implementation assumes that the excess gibbs free energy is zero.

Parameters: pressure : float Pressure at which to evaluate the solution model. [Pa] temperature : float Temperature at which to evaluate the solution. [K] molar_fractions : list of floats List of molar fractions of the different endmembers in solution G_excess : float The excess Gibbs free energy

## Chemistry parsing¶

burnman.processchemistry.read_masses()[source]

A simple function to read a file with a two column list of elements and their masses into a dictionary

burnman.processchemistry.dictionarize_formula(formula)[source]

A function to read a chemical formula string and convert it into a dictionary

burnman.processchemistry.formula_mass(formula)[source]

A function to take chemical formula and atomic mass dictionaries and compute the formula mass.

burnman.processchemistry.dictionarize_site_formula(formula)[source]

A function to take a chemical formula with sites specified by square brackets and return a standard dictionary with element keys and atoms of each element per formula unit as items.

burnman.processchemistry.process_solution_chemistry(formulae)[source]

This function parses a set of endmember formulae containing site information, e.g.

[ ‘[Mg]3[Al]2Si3O12’, ‘[Mg]3[Mg1/2Si1/2]2Si3O12’ ]

It outputs the bulk composition of each endmember (removing the site information), and also a set of variables and arrays which contain the site information. These are output in a format that can easily be used to calculate activities and gibbs free energies, given molar fractions of the phases and pressure and temperature where necessary.

Parameters: formulae : list of strings List of chemical formulae with site information solution_formulae : list of dictionaries List of endmember formulae is output from site formula strings n_sites : integer Number of sites in the solid solution. Should be the same for all endmembers. sites : list of lists of strings A list of elements for each site in the solid solution n_occupancies : integer Sum of the number of possible elements on each of the sites in the solid solution. Example: A binary solution [[A][B],[B][C1/2D1/2]] would have n_occupancies = 5, with two possible elements on Site 1 and three on Site 2 endmember_occupancies : 2d array of floats A 1D array for each endmember in the solid solution, containing the number of atoms of each element on each site. site_multiplicities : array of floats The number of each site per formula unit To simplify computations later, the multiplicities are repeated for each element on each site
burnman.processchemistry.compositional_array(formulae)[source]
Parameters: formulae : list of dictionaries List of chemical formulae formula_array : 2D array of floats Array of endmember formulae elements : List of strings List of elements
burnman.processchemistry.ordered_compositional_array(formulae, elements)[source]
Parameters: formulae : list of dictionaries List of chemical formulae elements : List of strings List of elements formula_array : 2D array of floats Array of endmember formulae

## Chemical potentials¶

burnman.chemicalpotentials.chemical_potentials(assemblage, component_formulae)[source]

The compositional space of the components does not have to be a superset of the compositional space of the assemblage. Nor do they have to compose an orthogonal basis.

The components must each be described by a linear mineral combination

The mineral compositions must be linearly independent

Parameters: assemblage : list of classes List of material classes set_method and set_state should already have been used the composition of the solid solutions should also have been set component_formulae : list of dictionaries List of chemical component formula dictionaries No restriction on length component_potentials : array of floats Array of chemical potentials of components
burnman.chemicalpotentials.fugacity(standard_material, assemblage)[source]
Parameters: standard_material: class Material class set_method and set_state should already have been used material must have a formula as a dictionary parameter assemblage: list of classes List of material classes set_method and set_state should already have been used fugacity : float Value of the fugacity of the component with respect to the standard material
burnman.chemicalpotentials.relative_fugacity(standard_material, assemblage, reference_assemblage)[source]
Parameters: standard_material: class Material class set_method and set_state should already have been used material must have a formula as a dictionary parameter assemblage: list of classes List of material classes set_method and set_state should already have been used reference_assemblage: list of classes List of material classes set_method and set_state should already have been used relative_fugacity : float Value of the fugacity of the component in the assemblage with respect to the reference_assemblage