# This file is part of BurnMan - a thermoelastic and thermodynamic toolkit for
# the Earth and Planetary Sciences
# Copyright (C) 2012 - 2021 by the BurnMan team, released under the GNU
# GPL v2 or later.
from __future__ import absolute_import
from __future__ import print_function
import numpy as np
from itertools import product
from scipy.linalg import lu_factor, lu_solve
from collections import namedtuple
from ..optimize.nonlinear_solvers import damped_newton_solve
from ..classes.solution import Solution
def calculate_constraints(assemblage, n_free_compositional_vectors):
"""
This function calculates the linear inequality constraints bounding
the valid parameter space for a given assemblage.
The constraints are as follows:
- Pressure and temperature must be positive
- All phase fractions must be positive
- All site-species occupancies must be positive
The constraints are stored in a vector (b) and matrix (A).
The sign convention is chosen such that the constraint is satisfied
if A.x + b < eps.
Parameters
----------
assemblage : burnman.Composite object
The assemblage for which the constraints are calculated.
Returns
-------
c_vector :
The constraints vector.
c_matrix :
The constraints matrix.
"""
bounds = []
n_constraints = 0
for i, n in enumerate(assemblage.endmembers_per_phase):
n_constraints += 1
if n == 1:
bounds.append(np.array([[]]))
else:
bounds.append(assemblage.phases[i].solution_model.endmember_occupancies)
n_constraints += len(bounds[-1][0])
c_vector = np.zeros((n_constraints+2))
c_matrix = np.zeros((n_constraints+2,
assemblage.n_endmembers
+ 2 + n_free_compositional_vectors)) # includes P, T
c_matrix[0, 0] = -1 # P>0
c_matrix[1, 1] = -1 # T>0
cidx = 2 # index of current compositional constraint
pidx = 0 # starting index of current phase
for i, n in enumerate(assemblage.endmembers_per_phase):
m = len(bounds[i][0])
# The first endmember proportion is not a free variable
# (all endmembers in any solution must sum to one)
# Re-express the constraints without the first endmember
c_matrix[cidx, pidx+2] = -1. # need phase proportions > 0
cidx += 1
if m != 0:
c_vector[cidx:cidx+m] = -bounds[i][0]
c_matrix[cidx:cidx+m,
pidx+1+2:pidx+n+2] = (np.einsum('i, j', bounds[i][0],
np.ones_like(bounds[i][1:, 0]))
- bounds[i].T[:, 1:])
cidx += m
pidx += n
return c_vector, c_matrix
def get_parameters(assemblage, n_free_compositional_vectors=0):
"""
Gets the starting parameters vector (x) for the current equilibrium problem.
These are:
- pressure
- temperature
- absolute amount of each phase. if a phase is a solution
with >1 endmember, the following parameters are the mole fractions
of the independent endmembers in the solution, except for the first
endmember (as the mole fractions must sum to one).
Parameters
----------
assemblage : burnman.Composite object
The assemblage for which equilibrium is to be calculated.
Returns
-------
params : numpy array
An array containing the current parameter values.
"""
params = np.zeros(assemblage.n_endmembers + 2
+ n_free_compositional_vectors)
n_moles_phase = assemblage.n_moles * np.array(assemblage.molar_fractions)
try:
params[:2] = [assemblage.pressure, assemblage.temperature]
except AttributeError:
raise Exception('You need to set_state before getting parameters')
j = 2
for i, ph in enumerate(assemblage.phases):
params[j] = n_moles_phase[i]
if isinstance(ph, Solution):
params[j+1:j+assemblage.endmembers_per_phase[i]] = assemblage.phases[i].molar_fractions[1:]
j += assemblage.endmembers_per_phase[i]
return params
def get_endmember_amounts(assemblage):
"""
Gets the absolute amounts of all the endmembers in the solution.
Parameters
----------
assemblage : burnman.Composite object
The assemblage for which equilibrium is to be calculated.
Returns
-------
amounts : numpy array
An array containing the current amounts of all the endmembers.
"""
phase_amounts = assemblage.n_moles * assemblage.molar_fractions
amounts = np.empty(assemblage.n_endmembers)
j = 0
for i, ph in enumerate(assemblage.phases):
if isinstance(ph, Solution):
amounts[j:j+assemblage.endmembers_per_phase[i]] = phase_amounts[i] * assemblage.phases[i].molar_fractions
else:
amounts[j] = phase_amounts[i]
j += assemblage.endmembers_per_phase[i]
return amounts
def set_compositions_and_state_from_parameters(assemblage, parameters):
"""
Sets the phase compositions, amounts and state of the assemblage
from a list of parameter values.
Parameters
----------
assemblage : burnman.Composite object
The assemblage for which equilibrium is to be calculated.
parameters : numpy array
An array containing the current parameter values.
"""
assemblage.set_state(parameters[0], parameters[1])
i = 2
phase_amounts = np.zeros(len(assemblage.phases))
for phase_idx, ph in enumerate(assemblage.phases):
phase_amounts[phase_idx] = parameters[i]
if isinstance(ph, Solution):
n_mbrs = len(ph.endmembers)
f = [0.]*n_mbrs
f[1:] = parameters[i+1:i+n_mbrs]
f[0] = 1. - sum(f)
ph.set_composition(f)
i += n_mbrs
else:
i += 1
assert(np.all(phase_amounts > -1.e-8))
phase_amounts = np.abs(phase_amounts)
assemblage.n_moles = sum(phase_amounts)
assemblage.set_fractions(phase_amounts/assemblage.n_moles)
return None
def F(x, assemblage, equality_constraints, reduced_composition_vector,
reduced_free_composition_vectors):
"""
Returns a vector of values which are zero at equilibrium.
The first two vector values depend on the
equality_constraints chosen. For example, if
- eq[i][0] = 'P', F[i] = P - eq[i][1]
- eq[i][0] = 'T', F[i] = T - eq[i][1]
- eq[i][0] = 'S', F[i] = entropy - eq[i][1]
- eq[i][0] = 'V', F[i] = volume - eq[i][1]
- eq[i][0] = 'PT_ellipse', F[i] = norm(([P, T] - eq[i][1][0])/eq[i][1][1]) - 1
- eq[i][0] = 'X', np.dot(eq[i][1][0], x) - eq[i][1][1]
The next set of vector values correspond to the reaction affinities.
The final set of vector values correspond to the bulk
composition constraints.
Parameters
----------
x : numpy array
Parameter values for the equilibrium problem to be solved.
assemblage : burnman.Composite object
The assemblage for which equilibrium is to be calculated.
equality_constraints : list of lists
A list of the equality constraints (see above).
reduced_composition_vector : numpy array
The vector corresponding to the amounts of the independent
elements.
reduced_free_composition_vectors : 2D numpy array
The amounts of the independent elements in each of the
free_compositional_vectors.
Returns
-------
eqns : numpy array
An array containing the vector values which
are equal to zero at equilibrium.
"""
set_compositions_and_state_from_parameters(assemblage, x)
new_endmember_amounts = get_endmember_amounts(assemblage)
# We want to find the root of the following equations
n_equality_constraints = len(equality_constraints)
eqns = np.zeros((assemblage.n_endmembers + n_equality_constraints))
i = 0
for i, (type_c, eq_c) in enumerate(equality_constraints):
if type_c == 'P':
eqns[i] = x[0] - eq_c
elif type_c == 'T':
eqns[i] = x[1] - eq_c
elif type_c == 'S':
eqns[i] = assemblage.molar_entropy*assemblage.n_moles - eq_c
elif type_c == 'V':
eqns[i] = assemblage.molar_volume*assemblage.n_moles - eq_c
elif type_c == 'PT_ellipse':
v_scaled = (x[0:2] - eq_c[0])/eq_c[1]
eqns[i] = np.linalg.norm(v_scaled) - 1.
elif type_c == 'X':
eqns[i] = np.dot(eq_c[0], x) - eq_c[1] # i.e. Ax = b
else:
raise Exception('constraint type not recognised')
i += 1
if n_equality_constraints > 2:
new_reduced_composition_vector = (reduced_composition_vector
+ x[2-n_equality_constraints:].dot(reduced_free_composition_vectors))
else:
new_reduced_composition_vector = reduced_composition_vector
eqns[i:i+assemblage.n_reactions] = assemblage.reaction_affinities
eqns[i+assemblage.n_reactions:] = (np.dot(assemblage.reduced_stoichiometric_array.T,
new_endmember_amounts)
- new_reduced_composition_vector)
return eqns
def jacobian(x, assemblage, equality_constraints,
reduced_free_composition_vectors):
"""
The Jacobian of the equilibrium problem (dF/dx).
See documentation for F and get_parameters
(which return F and x respectively) for more details.
Parameters
----------
x : numpy array
Parameter values for the equilibrium problem to be solved.
assemblage : burnman.Composite object
The assemblage for which equilibrium is to be calculated.
equality_constraints : list of lists
A list of the equality constraints (see documentation for F).
reduced_free_composition_vectors : 2D numpy array
The amounts of the independent elements in each of the
free_compositional_vectors.
Returns
-------
jacobian : 2D numpy array
An array containing the Jacobian for the equilibrium problem.
"""
# The solver always calls the Jacobian with the same
# x parameters as used previously for the root functions
# Therefore we don't need to set compositions or state again here.
# First, we find out the effect of the two constraint parameters F[:2]
# on the pressure (x[0]) and temperature (x[1]):
n_equality_constraints = len(equality_constraints)
jacobian = np.zeros((assemblage.n_endmembers+n_equality_constraints,
assemblage.n_endmembers+n_equality_constraints))
ic = 0
for ic, (type_c, eq_c) in enumerate(equality_constraints):
if type_c == 'P': # dP/dx
jacobian[ic, 0] = 1. # jacobian[i, j!=0] = 0
elif type_c == 'T': # dT/dx
jacobian[ic, 1] = 1. # jacobian[i, j!=1] = 0
elif type_c == 'S': # dS/dx
# dS/dP = -aV, dS/dT = Cp/T
jacobian[ic, 0:2] = [-assemblage.n_moles
* assemblage.alpha
* assemblage.molar_volume,
assemblage.n_moles
* assemblage.molar_heat_capacity_p / x[1]]
j = 2
for k, n in enumerate(assemblage.endmembers_per_phase):
jacobian[ic, j] = assemblage.phases[k].molar_entropy
if n > 1: # for solutions with >1 endmember
jacobian[ic, j+1:j+n] = (assemblage.n_moles
* assemblage.molar_fractions[k]
* (assemblage.phases[k].partial_entropies[1:]
- assemblage.phases[k].partial_entropies[0]))
j += n
elif type_c == 'V': # dV/dx
# dV/dP = -V/K_T, dV/dT = aV
jacobian[ic, 0:2] = [-assemblage.n_moles
* assemblage.molar_volume / assemblage.K_T,
assemblage.n_moles*assemblage.molar_volume]
j = 2
for k, n in enumerate(assemblage.endmembers_per_phase):
jacobian[ic, j] = assemblage.phases[k].molar_volume
if n > 1: # for solutions with >1 stable endmember
jacobian[ic, j+1:j+n] = (assemblage.n_moles
* assemblage.molar_fractions[k]
* (assemblage.phases[k].partial_volumes[1:]
- assemblage.phases[k].partial_volumes[0]))
j += n
elif type_c == 'PT_ellipse':
v_scaled = (x[0:2] - eq_c[0])/eq_c[1]
jacobian[ic, 0:2] = v_scaled/(np.linalg.norm(v_scaled)*eq_c[1])
elif type_c == 'X':
jacobian[ic, :] = eq_c[0]
else:
raise Exception('constraint type not recognised')
ic += 1
# Next, let's get the effect of pressure and temperature
# on each of the independent reactions
# i.e. dF(i, reactions)/dx[0] and dF(i, reactions)/dx[1]
partial_volumes_vector = np.zeros((assemblage.n_endmembers))
partial_entropies_vector = np.zeros((assemblage.n_endmembers))
j = 0
for i, n in enumerate(assemblage.endmembers_per_phase):
if n == 1: # for endmembers
partial_volumes_vector[j] = assemblage.phases[i].molar_volume
partial_entropies_vector[j] = assemblage.phases[i].molar_entropy
else: # for solutions
partial_volumes_vector[j:j+n] = assemblage.phases[i].partial_volumes
partial_entropies_vector[j:j+n] = assemblage.phases[i].partial_entropies
j += n
reaction_volumes = np.dot(assemblage.reaction_basis, partial_volumes_vector)
reaction_entropies = np.dot(assemblage.reaction_basis, partial_entropies_vector)
# dGi/dP = deltaVi; dGi/dT = -deltaSi
jacobian[ic:ic+len(reaction_volumes), 0] = reaction_volumes
jacobian[ic:ic+len(reaction_volumes), 1] = -reaction_entropies
# Pressure and temperature have no effect on the bulk
# compositional constraints
# i.e. dF(i, bulk)/dx[0] and dF(i, bulk)/dx[1] = 0
# Finally, let's build the compositional Hessian d2G/dfidfj = dmui/dfj
# where fj is the fraction of endmember j in a phase
phase_amounts = np.array(assemblage.molar_fractions) * assemblage.n_moles
comp_hessian = np.zeros((assemblage.n_endmembers, assemblage.n_endmembers))
dfi_dxj = np.zeros((assemblage.n_endmembers, assemblage.n_endmembers))
dpi_dxj = np.zeros((assemblage.n_endmembers, assemblage.n_endmembers))
j = 0
for i, n in enumerate(assemblage.endmembers_per_phase):
if n == 1:
# changing the amount (p) of a pure phase
# does not change its fraction in that phase,
# so dfi_dxj remains unchanged
dpi_dxj[j, j] = 1.
else:
comp_hessian[j:j+n, j:j+n] = assemblage.phases[i].gibbs_hessian
# x[0] = p(phase) and x[1:] = f[1:] - f[0]
# Therefore
# df[0]/dx[0] = 0
# df[0]/dx[1:] = -1
# (because changing the fraction of any endmember
# depletes the fraction of the first endmember)
# df[1:]/dx[1:] = 1 on diagonal, 0 otherwise
# (because all other fractions are independent of each other)
dfi_dxj[j:j+n, j:j+n] = np.eye(n)
dfi_dxj[j, j:j+n] -= 1.
# Total amounts of endmembers (p) are the fractions
# multiplied by the amounts of their representative phases
dpi_dxj[j:j+n, j:j+n] = dfi_dxj[j:j+n, j:j+n] * phase_amounts[i]
# The derivative of the amount of each endmember with respect
# to the amount of each phase is equal to the molar fractions
# of the endmembers.
dpi_dxj[j:j+n, j] = assemblage.phases[i].molar_fractions
j += n
# dfi_dxj converts the endmember hessian to the parameter hessian.
reaction_hessian = assemblage.reaction_basis.dot(comp_hessian).dot(dfi_dxj)
bulk_hessian = assemblage.reduced_stoichiometric_array.T.dot(dpi_dxj)
if reaction_hessian.shape[0] > 0:
jacobian[ic:, 2:2+len(reaction_hessian[0])] = np.concatenate((reaction_hessian, bulk_hessian))
else:
jacobian[ic:, 2:2+len(bulk_hessian[0])] = bulk_hessian
if len(reduced_free_composition_vectors) > 0:
jacobian[-reduced_free_composition_vectors.shape[1]:, 2+len(reaction_hessian[0]):] = -reduced_free_composition_vectors.T
return jacobian
def lambda_bounds(dx, x, endmembers_per_phase):
"""
Returns the lambda bounds for the damped affine invariant modification
to Newton's method for nonlinear problems (Deuflhard, 1974;1975;2004).
Parameters
----------
dx : numpy array
The proposed newton step.
x : numpy array
Parameter values for the equilibrium problem to be solved.
endmembers_per_phase : list of integers
A list of the number of endmembers in each phase.
Returns
-------
lmda_bounds : tuple of floats
minimum and maximum allowed fractions of the full newton step (dx).
"""
max_steps = np.ones((len(x)))*100000.
# first two constraints are P and T
max_steps[0:2] = [20.e9, 500.] # biggest reasonable P and T steps
j = 2
for i, n in enumerate(endmembers_per_phase):
# if the phase fraction constraint would be broken,
# set a step that is marginally smaller
if x[j] + dx[j] < 0.:
max_steps[j] = max(x[j]*0.999, 0.001)
max_steps[j+1:j+n] = [max(xi*0.99, 0.01) for xi in x[j+1:j+n]] # maximum compositional step
j += n
max_lmda = min([1. if step <= max_steps[i] else max_steps[i]/step
for i, step in enumerate(np.abs(dx))])
return (1.e-8, max_lmda)
def phase_fraction_constraints(phase, assemblage, fractions, prm):
"""
Converts a phase fraction constraint into standard linear form
that can be processed by the root finding problem.
Parameters
----------
phase : burnman.Solution or burnman.Mineral
The phase for which the fraction is to be constrained
assemblage : burnman.Composite
The assemblage for which equilibrium is to be calculated.
fractions : numpy array
The phase fractions to be satified at equilibrium.
prm : namedtuple
A tuple with attributes n_parameters
(the number of parameters for the current equilibrium problem)
and phase_amount_indices (the indices of the parameters that
correspond to phase amounts).
Returns
-------
constraints : list
An list of the phase fraction constraints.
"""
phase_idx = assemblage.phases.index(phase)
constraints = []
for fraction in fractions:
constraints.append(['X', [np.zeros((prm.n_parameters)), 0.]])
constraints[-1][-1][0][prm.phase_amount_indices] = -fraction
constraints[-1][-1][0][prm.phase_amount_indices[phase_idx]] += 1.
return constraints
def phase_composition_constraints(phase, assemblage, constraints, prm):
"""
Converts a phase composition constraint into standard linear form
that can be processed by the root finding problem.
We start with constraints in the form (site_names, n, d, v), where
n*x/d*x = v and n and d are fixed vectors of site coefficients.
So, one could for example choose a constraint
([Mg_A, Fe_A], [1., 0.], [1., 1.], [0.5]) which would
correspond to equal amounts Mg and Fe on the A site.
These are then converted by this function into endmember proportions
(n'*p/d'*p = v). Because the proportions must add up to zero,
we can reexpress this ratio as a linear constraint:
[(n'[1:] - n'[0]) - v*(d'[1:] - d'[0])]*xi = v*d0 - n0
which is less easy for a human to understand
(in terms of chemical constraints), but easier to use as a constraint
in a nonlinear solve.
Parameters
----------
phase : burnman.Solution
The phase for which the composition is to be constrained
assemblage : burnman.Composite
The assemblage for which equilibrium is to be calculated.
constraints : a 4-tuple (list of strings, numpy array * 3)
A tuple corresponding to the desired constraints, in the form
(site_names, numerator, denominator, values).
Returns
-------
x_constraints : list
An list of the phase composition constraints in standard form.
"""
phase_idx = assemblage.phases.index(phase)
site_names, numerator, denominator, values = constraints
site_indices = [phase.solution_model.site_names.index(name)
for name in site_names]
noccs = phase.solution_model.endmember_noccupancies
# Converts site constraints into endmember constraints
# Ends up with shape (n_endmembers, 2)
endmembers = np.dot(noccs[:, site_indices],
np.array([numerator, denominator]).T)
numer0, denom0 = endmembers[0]
endmembers -= endmembers[0]
numer, denom = endmembers.T[:, 1:]
# We start from the correct index
start_idx = sum(assemblage.endmembers_per_phase[:phase_idx]) + 3
n_indices = assemblage.endmembers_per_phase[phase_idx] - 1
x_constraints = []
for v in values:
f = v*denom0 - numer0
x_constraints.append(['X', [np.zeros((prm.n_parameters)), f]])
x_constraints[-1][1][0][start_idx:start_idx+n_indices] = numer - v*denom
return x_constraints
def get_equilibration_parameters(assemblage, composition,
free_compositional_vectors):
"""
Builds a named tuple containing the parameter names and
various other parameters needed by the equilibrium solve.
Parameters
----------
assemblage : burnman.Composite
The assemblage for which equilibrium is to be calculated.
composition : dictionary
The bulk composition for the equilibrium problem.
free_compositional_vectors : list of dictionaries
The bulk compositional degrees of freedom
for the equilibrium problem.
Returns
-------
prm : namedtuple
A tuple with attributes n_parameters
(the number of parameters for the current equilibrium problem)
and phase_amount_indices (the indices of the parameters that
correspond to phase amounts).
"""
# Initialize a named tuple for the equilibration parameters
prm = namedtuple('assemblage_parameters', [])
# Process parameter names
prm.parameter_names = ['Pressure (Pa)', 'Temperature (K)']
for i, n in enumerate(assemblage.endmembers_per_phase):
prm.parameter_names.append('x({0})'.format(assemblage.phases[i].name))
if n > 1:
p_names = ['p({0} in {1})'.format(n, assemblage.phases[i].name)
for n in assemblage.phases[i].endmember_names[1:]]
prm.parameter_names.extend(p_names)
n_free_compositional_vectors = len(free_compositional_vectors)
for i in range(n_free_compositional_vectors):
prm.parameter_names.append(f'v_{i}')
prm.n_parameters = len(prm.parameter_names)
prm.phase_amount_indices = [i for i in range(len(prm.parameter_names))
if 'x(' in prm.parameter_names[i]]
# Find the bulk composition vector
prm.bulk_composition_vector = np.array([composition[e]
for e in assemblage.elements])
if n_free_compositional_vectors > 0:
prm.free_compositional_vectors = np.array([[free_compositional_vectors[i][e]
if e in free_compositional_vectors[i]
else 0. for e in assemblage.elements]
for i in range(n_free_compositional_vectors)])
else:
prm.free_compositional_vectors = np.empty((0, len(assemblage.elements)))
if assemblage.compositional_null_basis.shape[0] != 0:
if (np.abs(assemblage.compositional_null_basis.dot(prm.bulk_composition_vector)[0]) > 1.e-12):
raise Exception('The bulk composition is not within the '
'compositional space of the assemblage')
prm.reduced_composition_vector = prm.bulk_composition_vector[assemblage.independent_element_indices]
prm.reduced_free_composition_vectors = prm.free_compositional_vectors[:, assemblage.independent_element_indices]
prm.constraint_vector, prm.constraint_matrix = calculate_constraints(assemblage, n_free_compositional_vectors)
return prm
def process_eq_constraints(equality_constraints, assemblage, prm):
"""
A function that processes the equality constraints
into a form that can be processed by the F and jacobian functions.
This function has two main tasks: it turns phase_fraction and
phase_composition constraints into standard linear constraints in the
solution parameters. It also turns vector-valued constraints into a
list of scalar-valued constraints.
Parameters
----------
equality_constraints : list
A list of equality constraints as provided by the user. For the
types of constraints, please see the documentation for the
equilibrate function.
assemblage : burnman.Composite
The assemblage for which equilibrium is to be calculated.
prm : namedtuple
A tuple with attributes n_parameters
(the number of parameters for the current equilibrium problem)
and phase_amount_indices (the indices of the parameters that
correspond to phase amounts).
Returns
-------
eq_constraint_lists : list of lists
A list of lists of equality constraints in a form that can be processed
by the F and jacobian functions.
"""
eq_constraint_lists = []
for i in range(len(equality_constraints)):
if equality_constraints[i][0] == 'phase_fraction':
phase = equality_constraints[i][1][0]
fraction = equality_constraints[i][1][1]
if isinstance(fraction, float):
fraction = np.array([fraction])
if not isinstance(fraction, np.ndarray):
raise Exception('The constraint fraction in equality {0} '
'should be a float or numpy array'.format(i+1))
eq_constraint_lists.append(phase_fraction_constraints(phase,
assemblage,
fraction,
prm))
elif equality_constraints[i][0] == 'phase_composition':
phase = equality_constraints[i][1][0]
constraint = equality_constraints[i][1][1]
if isinstance(constraint[3], float):
constraint = (constraint[0], constraint[1], constraint[2],
np.array([constraint[3]]))
if not isinstance(constraint[3], np.ndarray):
raise Exception('The last constraint parameter in equality '
'{0} should be a float '
'or numpy array'.format(i+1))
eq_constraint_lists.append(phase_composition_constraints(phase,
assemblage,
constraint,
prm))
elif equality_constraints[i][0] == 'X':
constraint = equality_constraints[i][1]
if isinstance(constraint[-1], float):
constraint = (constraint[0], np.array([constraint[-1]]))
if not isinstance(constraint[-1], np.ndarray):
raise Exception('The last constraint parameter in '
'equality {0} should be '
'a float or numpy array'.format(i+1))
eq_constraint_lists.append([['X', [constraint[0], p]]
for p in constraint[1]])
elif (equality_constraints[i][0] == 'P'
or equality_constraints[i][0] == 'T'
or equality_constraints[i][0] == 'PT_ellipse'
or equality_constraints[i][0] == 'S'
or equality_constraints[i][0] == 'V'):
if isinstance(equality_constraints[i][1], float):
equality_constraints[i] = (equality_constraints[i][0],
np.array([equality_constraints[i][1]]))
if not isinstance(equality_constraints[i][1], np.ndarray):
raise Exception('The last parameter in '
f'equality_constraint[{i+1}] should be a '
'float or numpy array')
eq_constraint_lists.append([[equality_constraints[i][0], p]
for p in equality_constraints[i][1]])
else:
raise Exception('The type of equality_constraint is '
'not recognised for constraint {0}.\n'
'Should be one of P, T, S, V, X,\n'
'PT_ellipse, phase_fraction, '
'or phase_composition.'.format(i+1))
return eq_constraint_lists
[docs]def equilibrate(composition, assemblage, equality_constraints,
free_compositional_vectors=[],
tol=1.e-3,
store_iterates=False, store_assemblage=True,
max_iterations=100., verbose=False):
"""
A function that equilibrates an assemblage subject to given
bulk composition and equality constraints by
solving the equilibrium relations
(chemical affinities for feasible reactions in the system
should be equal to zero).
Parameters
----------
composition : dictionary
The bulk composition that the assemblage must satisfy
assemblage : burnman.Composite object
The assemblage to be equilibrated
equality_constraints : list
A list of equality constraints. Each constraint
should have the form: [<constraint type>, <constraint>], where
<constraint type> is one of P, T, S, V, X, PT_ellipse,
phase_fraction, or phase_composition. The <constraint> object should
either be a float or an array of floats for P, T, S, V
(representing the desired pressure, temperature,
entropy or volume of the material). If the constraint type is X
(a generic constraint on the solution vector) then the constraint c is
represented by the following equality:
np.dot(c[0], x) - c[1]. If the constraint type is
PT_ellipse, the equality is given by
norm(([P, T] - c[0])/c[1]) - 1.
The constraint_type phase_fraction assumes a tuple of the phase object
(which must be one of the phases in the burnman.Composite) and a float
or vector corresponding to the phase fractions. Finally, a
phase_composition constraint has the format (site_names, n, d, v),
where n*x/d*x = v and n and d are fixed vectors of site coefficients.
So, one could for example choose a constraint
([Mg_A, Fe_A], [1., 0.], [1., 1.], [0.5]) which would
correspond to equal amounts Mg and Fe on the A site.
free_compositional_vectors : list of dictionaries
A list of dictionaries containing the compositional freedom of
the solution. For example, if the list contains the
vector {'Mg': 1., 'Fe': -1}, that implies that the bulk composition
is equal to composition + a * (n_Mg - n_Fe), where a is a constant
to be determined by the solve.
tol : float
The tolerance for the nonlinear solver.
store_iterates : boolean
Whether to store the parameter values for each iteration in
each solution object.
store_assemblage : boolean
Whether to store a copy of the assemblage object in each
solution object.
max_iterations : integer
The maximum number of iterations for the nonlinear solver.
verbose : boolean
Whether to print output updating the user on the status of
equilibration.
Returns
-------
sol_array : single, list, or 2D list of solver solution objects
prm : namedtuple object
A tuple with attributes n_parameters
(the number of parameters for the current equilibrium problem)
and phase_amount_indices (the indices of the parameters that
correspond to phase amounts).
"""
for ph in assemblage.phases:
if isinstance(ph, Solution) and not hasattr(ph, 'molar_fractions'):
raise Exception(f'set_composition for solution {ph} before running equilibrate.')
if assemblage.molar_fractions is None:
n_phases = len(assemblage.phases)
f = 1./float(n_phases)
assemblage.set_fractions([f for i in range(n_phases)])
assemblage.n_moles = (sum(composition.values())
/ sum(assemblage.formula.values()))
n_equality_constraints = len(equality_constraints)
n_free_compositional_vectors = len(free_compositional_vectors)
if n_equality_constraints != n_free_compositional_vectors + 2:
raise Exception('The number of equality constraints '
f'(currently {n_equality_constraints}) '
'must be two more than the number of '
'free_compositional vectors '
f'(currently {n_free_compositional_vectors}).')
for v in free_compositional_vectors:
if np.abs(sum(v.values())) > 1.e-12:
raise Exception('The amounts of each free_compositional_vector'
'must sum to zero')
# Make parameter tuple
prm = get_equilibration_parameters(assemblage, composition,
free_compositional_vectors)
# Check equality constraints have the correct structure
# Convert into the format readable by the function and jacobian functions
eq_constraint_lists = process_eq_constraints(equality_constraints,
assemblage, prm)
# Set up solves
nc = [len(eq_constraint_list)
for eq_constraint_list in eq_constraint_lists]
# Find the initial state (could be none here)
initial_state = [assemblage.pressure, assemblage.temperature]
# Reset initial state if equality constraints
# are related to pressure or temperature
for i in range(n_equality_constraints):
if eq_constraint_lists[i][0][0] == 'P':
initial_state[0] = eq_constraint_lists[i][0][1]
elif eq_constraint_lists[i][0][0] == 'T':
initial_state[1] = eq_constraint_lists[i][0][1]
elif eq_constraint_lists[i][0][0] == 'PT_ellipse':
initial_state = eq_constraint_lists[i][0][1][1]
if initial_state[0] is None:
initial_state[0] = 5.e9
if initial_state[1] is None:
initial_state[1] = 1200.
assemblage.set_state(*initial_state)
parameters = get_parameters(assemblage, n_free_compositional_vectors)
# Solve the system of equations, loop over input parameters
sol_array = np.empty(shape=tuple(nc), dtype="object")
# Loop over problems
problems = list(product(*[list(range(nc[i])) for i in range(len(nc))]))
n_problems = len(problems)
for i_problem, i_c in enumerate(problems):
if verbose:
string = 'Processing solution'
for i in range(len(i_c)):
string += ' {0}/{1}'.format(i_c[i]+1, nc[i])
print(string+':')
equality_constraints = [eq_constraint_lists[i][i_c[i]]
for i in range(len(nc))]
# Set the initial fractions and compositions
# of the phases in the assemblage:
sol = damped_newton_solve(F=lambda x: F(x, assemblage,
equality_constraints,
prm.reduced_composition_vector,
prm.reduced_free_composition_vectors),
J=lambda x: jacobian(x, assemblage,
equality_constraints,
prm.reduced_free_composition_vectors),
lambda_bounds=lambda dx, x: lambda_bounds(dx, x, assemblage.endmembers_per_phase),
guess=parameters,
linear_constraints=(prm.constraint_matrix,
prm.constraint_vector),
tol=tol,
store_iterates=store_iterates,
max_iterations=max_iterations)
if sol.success and len(assemblage.reaction_affinities) > 0.:
maxres = np.max(np.abs(assemblage.reaction_affinities)) + 1.e-5
assemblage.equilibrium_tolerance = maxres
if store_assemblage:
sol.assemblage = assemblage.copy()
if sol.success and len(assemblage.reaction_affinities) > 0.:
sol.assemblage.equilibrium_tolerance = maxres
if verbose:
print(sol.text)
sol_array[i_c] = sol
# Next, we use the solution values and Jacobian
# to provide a starting guess for the next problem.
# First, we find the equality constraints for the next problem
if i_problem < n_problems - 1:
next_i_c = problems[i_problem+1]
next_equality_constraints = [eq_constraint_lists[i][next_i_c[i]]
for i in range(len(nc))]
# We use the nearest solutions as potential starting points
# to make the next guess
prev_sols = []
for i in range(len(nc)):
if next_i_c[i] != 0:
prev_i_c = np.copy(next_i_c)
prev_i_c[i] -= 1
prev_sols.append(sol_array[tuple(prev_i_c)])
updated_params = False
for s in prev_sols:
if s.success and not updated_params:
# next guess based on a Newton step
# using the old solution vector and Jacobian
# with the new constraints.
dF = F(s.x, assemblage, next_equality_constraints,
prm.reduced_composition_vector,
prm.reduced_free_composition_vectors)
luJ = lu_factor(s.J)
new_parameters = s.x + lu_solve(luJ, -dF)
c = (prm.constraint_matrix.dot(new_parameters)
+ prm.constraint_vector)
if all(c <= 0.): # accept new guess
parameters = new_parameters
else: # use the parameters from this step
parameters = s.x
exhausted_phases = [assemblage.phases[phase_idx].name
for phase_idx, v in
enumerate(new_parameters[prm.phase_amount_indices]) if v < 0.]
if len(exhausted_phases) > 0 and verbose:
print('A phase might be exhausted before the '
f'next step: {exhausted_phases}')
updated_params = True
# Finally, make dimensions of sol_array equal the input dimensions
if np.product(sol_array.shape) > 1:
sol_array = np.squeeze(sol_array)
else:
sol_array = sol_array.flatten()[0]
return sol_array, prm